Intestinal Complications of Crohn's Disease Explained

 

The cells that make up the lining of the intestines are shed and replaced on a regular basis in a healthy body. But when the lining of the intestine is irritated, cells may be shed more frequently, causing ulcers or other sores to form. These sores and ulcers are most common in the last part of the small intestine (ileum), the colon, or rectum. However, they can occur anywhere in the digestive tract, including the mouth and anus. Ulcers can be serious if they go through the intestines and damage an artery. This can lead to life-threatening bleeding.

 

Sores and ulcers can become deep and tunnel through the different layers of the intestines and into the tissues of nearby organs, such as:

 

These tunnels are called "fistulas," and can become infected. Fistulas usually require special treatment, such as medication or even surgery.

 

An abscess is a collection of pus that has formed due to an infection. Abscesses often form as a result of a fistula. An abscess must be drained in order for it to heal. At first, a needle may be guided into the area with the help of a CT scan. This is known as needle aspiration. If this is not successful, surgery may be recommended to drain the abscess or even remove the infected portion of bowel. An example is a perirectal abscess.

 

The most common complication of Crohn's disease is blockage of the intestine, known as a bowel obstruction. This complication occurs in up to 30 percent of people with Crohn's disease. A bowel obstruction occurs because the disease tends to thicken the intestinal wall with swelling and scar tissue, narrowing or even blocking the passage. With a narrowed or blocked passage, digested food may not be able to pass through. Symptoms may include crampy abdominal pain (or stomach pain), vomiting, or bloating. A bowel obstruction is one of the most serious complications of Crohn's disease. In some cases, bowel obstructions require surgery (see Crohn's Disease Surgery).